advantages of modified hummers method

three (B, C, D) different modified versions of the Hummers method-assisted MWR compared with the conventional graphite oxide (cGO) sample obtained by Hummers method (A). Genetically modified foods, often classified as GMOs, have changed the way that people view their food. e-h , Typical AFM ( e ), SEM ( f ), TEM ( g ), and HRTEM ( h ) images of EGO sheets. Briefly, 1.0 g of graphite and 60 mL H 2 SO 4 (98%) was stirred in an ice bath, and 5.8 g KMnO 4 was slowly added with stirring for 0.5 h. The solution was heated to 30°C for 2 h, 40 mL of deionizer water was added slowly, the reaction was heated to 90°C for 30 min, then 80 mL of deionizer . Preparation and Characterization of Graphene Oxide Pristine and composites were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, Thermalgravimetric, and surface area using the BET method. The different methods have advantages and disadvantages. In addition, Hummers method has the advantages of short oxidation time, high oxidation degree, easy expansion and stripping in solution. The top down method includes hummers method and modified hummers method, which is the most common method of synthesis of graphene oxide. 6H2O) were mixed while the GO concentration was 0.5 wt%, and the (2015) have also oxidised graphene for the addition of −COOH, −C=O and −OH functional groups onto the surface using a modified Hummer's method (Hummers & Offeman 1958). One of the advantages of this method is the absence of NaNO 3, thus no generation of toxic gases such as NO 2, N 2 O 4 in the reaction thereby making it more environmentally friendly. synthesized few-layered graphene oxide nanosheets by using a modified Hummers method and used them to adsorb Cd (II) and Co (II) in water by the batch method . Moreover, it is considered a low-cost method leading to a high yield if compared to other growth methods. PDF Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene Oxide and ... PDF Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Nanosheets via Modified ... A new component of K 2 S 2 O 8 has been introduced to the reaction system to maintain the pH value. Over the years, Hummers' method has been optimized by the changing some variables, such as reaction time, process temperature, reactant nature and dosages (Muzyka et al., 2017). Under long response circumstances, the Staudenmaier and Brodie methods have the drawbacks of generating toxic fumes such as ClO 2 and NO 2 throughout the reaction, occupying far too much time, and consuming too many raw materials. The Hummer method is the most widely used chemical oxidation method used to produce GO. This modification is successful in in- creasing the reaction yield and reducing the toxic gas evolution while using a varied proportion of KMnO 4and H 2SO 4as those required by Hummers method. Traditional nanocomposite production methods such as in situ polymerization, melt blending and solvent technique, have some deficits. I Have been working on graphene oxide synthesis using modified hummers method. Environmental impact of the production of graphene oxide ... Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared by modified Hummer's method to produce reduced graphene oxide (RGO) following standard thermal and chemical reduction processes. CN105905887A - Preparation method of aminated graphene ... Two symmetric copper plates were employed as work electrodes that fixed on the outer wall of a square beaker with a constant distance of 60 mm, as shown in figure 1(b) and supplementary information (figure S2). The step by step synthesis is as follows : 1.2 g of Graphite flakes and 2 g of NaNO 3 and 50 ml of H 2 SO 4 (98%) were mixed in a 1000 ml volumetric flask kept under at ice bath The synthesis of graphite oxide (GrO) by oxidation of graphite has been carried out by different procedures. TEM and DFM analyses showed that GO sheets prepared in this study had single and double lamellar layer . HGO was synthesized by a modified Hummers method 7 using graphite flakes (80 mesh) as raw material. It is proven that redox method is a promising way to synthesize GO films on a large scale. Graphite Oxide: A Simple and Reproducible Synthesis Route ... Moreover, to meet different usage requirements, the ionic liquid of amination graphene ionic liquid and the amination graphene-ionic liquid oxide at least one from 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-ethyl-3 . Controllable size-selective method to prepare graphene ... Multi-heat pipe is fabricated from copper; the heating and cooling sections are the same size and both are connected by four circular parallel tubes. 2. In order to turn graphene application into reality, the fabrication working fluid. This improved method provides a greater the lattice is reflected in an increase in inter- amount of hydrophilic oxidized graphene material as compared to Hummers' method or Hummers' method with layer spacing from 0.335 nm for graphite additional KMnO4. The degraded collagen was added to the GO dispersion, reacted at 70 °C for 24 h, washed and freeze-dried to obtain degraded collagen-modified graphene oxide (CGO). Secondly, replacing KClO 3 with KMnO 4 can improve the reaction safety and avoid the precipitation of explosive ClO 2. Firstly, natural flake graphite (1 g) were blended with H 2 SO 4 (23 ml) in a beaker by agitating magnetically . Since it was first prepared in the nineteenth century 25,26, graphite oxide has been mainly produced by the Brodie 25, Staudenmaier 27 and Hummers 28 methods. The XRD diffraction and FTIR spectrum of Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF showed that the composite material . Graphite oxide was synthesized from the natural flake graphite according to a modified Hummers method. Innovative modification of Cu-Al/C composites was synthesized by coprecipitation method at pH 10 and added biochar (BC) and graphite (GF) to form Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF composites. The present invention discloses a method for preparing graphene-polyamide nanocomposite fiber. This modification is successful in increasing the reaction yield and reducing the toxic gas evolution while using a varied proportion of KMnO 4 and H 2 SO 4 as those required by Hummers method. Hummers Method (modified) Fig5: A typical illustration of the difference between the graphite and the GO so formed. It is Electrically insulating due to a disruptive SP2 bonding network but it can be converted conductive by restoring- network. graphene oxide produce by this method is decent quality in term of numbers of layers. Also, the products contained Na + and NO 3 − ions, which . The C1 XPS spectra was deconvoluted and showed the modified method contained 69% oxidized carbon compared to 63% for the traditional Hummers method. GO/water nanofluids were synthesized by the modified Hummers method with 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15%, and 0.20% volume concentrations. In this chapter, we describe a simple synthesis route based on Hummers' method without the usage of NaNO3 achieving nearly the same outcomes, and this methodology is directed toward high-quality scale production of GrO with similar properties compared with GrO obtained with . The graphene materials were produced by "standard" conditions of the production method Also, there are NaNO 3-free methods, which could be also considered as modifications [158,159,160]. The Hummers method is commonly used to synthesize graphite oxide because the final product has a higher oxidation rate than the final product of the Staudenmaier method (Hummers & Offeman, 1958). GO was prepared by the modified Hummers method . This method uses H2SO4 to exfoliate graphite with NaNO3 and KMnO4 as the oxidizing agents of graphite. . The GO was prepared from natural graphite by a modified Hummers method according to our previous work. 2. It is useful as sufficient amount of graphene can be produce by this method. 52,54 The Hummers' method was used widely; however, this method produces NO 2, N 2 O 4 and heavy metal pollution. Briefly, 1.0 g of graphite and 60 mL H 2 SO 4 (98%) was stirred in an ice bath, and 5.8 g KMnO 4 was slowly added with stirring for 0.5 h. The solution was heated to 30°C for 2 h, 40 mL of deionizer water was added slowly, the reaction was heated to 90°C for 30 min, then 80 mL of deionizer . The novelty of their work is that only 70 mg of graphene oxide has been utilised for 100% removal of chromium from wastewater effectively at an . There are many approaches to modify this method [12, 146, 156, 157]. In addition, his improved hummer’s method gives other advantages such as more hydrophilic carbon material, equivalent conductivity and no toxic gasses emitted and finally attract in large producing GO [41]. First, the reaction is completed within a few hours. Advantages of nr Method Here are the advantages of Newton Raphson Method or we can say merits of newton's method of iteration. We have also acquired graphene nanoribbons (GNR) from a commercial source, which were fabricated using oxidative unzipping of carbon nanotubes. The hummers' method provides several advantages such as the capability to produce a large quantity of products14, simple, easy to handle and cost effective. modified Hummer's method. Thus Hummers method and its improved method are the most widely used in the preparation of GO flame-retardant epoxy resin [48] , [49] . Graphene oxide was prepared by the modified Hummers method and characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy. The advantages of Hummer's method are as follows. Hofmann method [65, 66], and other modified methods such as modified Staudenmaier's method [67], modified Hofmann method [68], modified Hummer [69-74] and improved Hummer [75-77]. Hummers method has the advantages of simple, convenient, less time consuming , high saf ety, less pollution to the en vir on-mental, so Hummers has become the main method to prepare graphene oxide. Hummer's method is widely used method for graphene oxide synthesis. Commonly, electrochemical test methods, which have advantages including easy preparation, high sensitivity and low cost, are widely used in the sensor field, but there are few reports about the electrochemical detection of eugenol. Graphene oxide is produced from the modified hummers method. First, KMnO4 as a The method oxidized graphite using KMnO 4 and NaNO 3 in concentrated H 2 SO 4. First, the reaction can be completed within a few hours. The GO produced by this technique contained 31% of carbon with a sp 2 structure compared to 40% as produced elsewhere ( Muzyka et al., 2017 ) in sample GRO-H1. Brodie method, Staudenmaier method, Hoffman method, Tour method and Hummers method [19]. Gopalakrishnan et al. Prepared RGO colloids were utilized…. The graphene oxide (GO) was . GO was prepared by the modified Hummers method . The method includes the following steps of: mixing polyamide chips with graphene or modified graphene, and then extruding and palletizing to obtain graphene-polyamide masterbatch; melt-spinning the graphene-polyamide masterbatch after drying the same, to prepare the graphene-polyamide nanocomposite . In this method, there is complete r[12] e-moval of sodium nitrate, increase in the amount of potassium permanganate and introduction of phosphoric acid In the early stages, nitric acid and KClO 3 were used, but harmful gases such as ClO 2, NO 2 and N 2 O 4 were generated during the reaction, which took a long time. The interaction of graphene with methylene blue was studied by UV absorption, the intensity of two main absorption peaks of methylene blue decreased significantly after the fluorescence was quenched, and the energy transfer didn't occur because the overlap of the . . It indicated that the adsorption effect was strongly influenced by pH and the presence of humic acid in an aqueous solution could reduce the adsorption of Cd (II) and Co (II). Preparation of graphite oxide by a modified version Hummers method GO was prepared from the commercial graphite using a modified Hummers' method (GO-H) [6, 20, 23]. Offeman, 1958). 2. together with successive modified Hummers methods. The Hummers method, which is the most widely developed now, was published in 1958. The advantages of the present invention are as follows. This method is highly reproducible and frequently used in research labs. The as-prepared POG exhibited the advantages of high electrochemical activity and a good capacity of linking amine derivatives. Due to this, many researchers sought to improve the Hummers methods (Marcano . The first methodology, named A, is the Hummers method composed of 5 stages, as described in the experimental part. Ciszewski et al. Evaluation of thermally and chemically reduced graphene oxide films as counter electrodes on dye-sensitized solar cells. GO was prepared in this square beaker by an modified Hummers method which used a low dose of oxidizers (shown in figure 1(c)) under the application of electric field environment [9, 11]. Hummers graphene can be prepared using Hummer Hummers method" 19 was reported by Marcano Methods for synthesis of Grapheme There are various methods for synthesis of . The temperature was kept below 5 °C after stirring the mixture for 5 min, t. The potassium permanganate (7 g) was added into the bottle slowly. 31 In brief, graphite flakes were added to the cold concentrated H 2 SO 4 and KMnO 4 was added slowly under an ice bath. (2013) 30% H 2O studied the general properties of chemically modified platinum and glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) Converges on the root quadratically i.e rate of convergence is 2. Moreover, to meet different usage requirements, the ionic liquid of amination graphene ionic liquid and the amination graphene-ionic liquid oxide at least one from 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-ethyl-3 . First, the graphites (2 g) was poured into a mixed solution of sodium nitrate (1 g) and concentrated H 2 SO 4 (50 mL). • Ultra-sonication is used for stabilizing the GO solution and enhancing the exfoliation in the GO solution. 52,54 The Hummers' method was used widely; however, this method produces NO 2, N 2 O 4 and heavy metal pollution. Graphene oxide preparation by using modified Hummer's method Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared from graphite flakes by using modified Hummer's method. These standard methods have evolved since their discovery to the current date (see Figure. The Hummers method has at least three important advantages over previous technologies. Especially, Stereolithography (SLA) printing offers some benefits such as . 2.2.3 Modified Hummers method Graphite oxide was synthesized from the natural flake graphite according to a modified Hummers method. The different methods have advantages and disadvantages. At first until 3rd attempt, the colour of my final product are black. In order to turn graphene application into reality, the fabrication A preparation method of aminated graphene applied to anticorrosive coatings comprises the following steps: 1, preparing graphite oxide through using a Hummers technology; 2, adding the graphite oxide to an organic solvent, and carrying out centrifuge displacement in a centrifuge to obtain anhydrous graphite oxide; 3, dispersing the anhydrous graphite oxide in the organic solvent, and carrying . The advantages of the present invention are as follows. Therefore, this method is the most promising way to prepare bulk-scale of graphene materials. An Innovative Synthesis of Graphene oxide by hummer's method (PDF) An Innovative Synthesis of Graphene oxide by hummer's method | ehsan ezzatpour ghadim - Academia.edu Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. In this study, an improved Hummers method was used to prepare graphene oxide. methods of g ra phene o xide g ener all y ha ve thr ee types: Brodie method 7, Staudenmaier method8 and Hummers method9. In the early stages, nitric acid and KClO 3 were used, but harmful gases such as ClO 2, NO 2 and N 2 O 4 were generated during the reaction, which took a long time. Concentrated H2SO4 (360 mL) was added to a mixture of graphite (7.5 g) and modified Hummers method [16]. One of the fastest methods which converges to root quickly. Zhao et al. The POG was prepared through a modified Hummers method and characterized by means of Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. It is also able to be revised in the creation of a one-molecule-thick version of the . In the Hummer modification method [3] the use of NaNO3 is removed to eliminate toxic gas released from the Hummer method. A new component of K 2S 2O 8has been introduced to the reaction system to maintain the pH value. Once mixed, the temperature of the mixture was kept to be . Fig. Experimental 2.1. 2: Synthesis technique of Graphene Oxide A. Hummer's Method: Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized according to hummers method by using . The hummers' method provides several advantages such as the capability to produce a large quantity of products14, simple, easy to handle and cost effective. The Brodie approach, Staudenmaier method, and the Hummers method are the most developed GO preparation methods. Hummers' method is the most frequently applied one for GO synthesis, since it uses the relatively safe reagents, it is flexible and has a potential for further modification. Methods: First, graphene oxide (GO) was prepared according to the modified Hummers method then the GO was modified with . Temperature fields and thermal In detail, the 500 mL three-necked flask was placed in an ice bath, and the flake graphite (2.5 g), NaNO 3 (1.25 g) and KMnO 4 (7.5 g) were added slowly one by one to avoid sudden increase in temperature. Because of its advantages of safety and reaction efficiency, the Hummers method and various improved Hummers methods are currently the most widely used methods [20,21]. • The modified Hummers method introduces a way to get a more stable GO colloidal solution. The materials used in the Hummers method are also easier to obtain and are less dangerous than the Staudenmaier method. Graphene oxide is an oxidised form of Graphene, laced with Oxygen-containing groups. The as-prepared POG exhibited the advantages of high electrochemical activity and a good capacity of linking amine derivatives. As we go near to root, number of significant digits approximately doubles with each step. However, the use of NaNO3 in this method will produce NO2 and N2O4 toxic gases released during the oxidation process. Also, the products contained Na + and NO 3 − ions, which . This method has the advantage of producing large size and high-quality graphene layers, and the ability to synthesize graphene at wafer scale [ 41 ]. together with successive modified Hummers methods. The Hummers method has some advantages compared to the method of Brodie and Staudenmaier. When the reaction was completed, it was treated Hummers method is a well-known method for the fabrication of GO since it was developed by Hummers and Offeman in 1958 due to the important advantages including time saving, safety and less toxicity compared with previous techniques ( Hummers and Offeman, 1958 ). GO synthesis Graphite oxide was prepared by vigorous oxidation of graphite powder using H 2SO 4 and KMnO 4 as oxidizing reagents according to the modified Hummers method, Krishnamoorthy et al. Staudenmaier et al.17 found and modified the Brodie method by using HNO 3 and concentrated H 2SO Over a period of one week in the procedure the kclo slowly and carefully. Apparatus Electrochemical studies were carried out via computer complex based on potentiostat PI-50-1.1 using a three-electrode undivided cell (working electrode—glassy carbon (GC) disk with visible surface area of 0.03 cm2; the auxiliary electrode—platinum mesh; reference elec-trode—Ag/AgCl, 3 M KCl). The classification of synthesis method is shown in Fig Below. the parameters of temperature and pressure affords a facile method to control the degree of reduction of the GO. In 1958, Hummers and Offerman developed a method for the synthesis of GO [23]. Graphene oxide (GO) films with two-dimensional structure were successfully prepared via the modified Hummer method. The method is based on oxidizing pristine carbon nanotubes (P-CNTs) by moderately concentrated sulfuric acid and potassium permanganate at low temperature to avoid possible CNTs fragmentation and to preserve the aspect dimensional ratio. Experimental Method 2.1. Currently, an improved method for the preparation of graphene oxide was the most common one. Experimental section: preparation of rGO Synthesis of graphene oxide by the modified hummers method. On the other hand, three-dimensional printing technology is a quite popular method. agent and oxidant, respectively [1]. Abstract:Aim and Objective: To explore the impact of synthesis conditions (temperature and time) on properties of developed graphene oxide (GO). Comprehensive characterizations of the properties of GO films were conducted. Some of these are non-homogeneous particle distribution, setup difficulties, time-consuming and costly. In 1958, Hummer developed a new method [56], which is the most common method for preparing graphene oxide using KMnO 4, NaNO 3, and H 2 SO 4 to oxidize graphite into graphite oxide within a few hours. Therefore, this method is the most promising way to prepare bulk-scale of graphene materials. The POG was prepared through a modified Hummers method and characterized by means of Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. After stirring at 35°C for 1.5 hours, water was added slowly and continuously, and the reaction temperature was . 2.1. Keywords:Graphene oxide, Modified Hummers method, Graphite flakes, Characterization, Topographical studies, Thermal stability, Structural properties. However, this method also produces several gases (such as N 2, N 2 O 4, and Cl 2), some of which are toxic. Introduction: In recent years, more attention was dedicated to developing new methods for designing of drug delivery systems. The aim of present work is to improve the efficiency of the antibacterial drug delivery process, and to realize and to control accurately the release. Synthesis of sandwich-like Mn3O4@reduced graphene oxide nano-composites via modified Hummers' method and its application as uranyl adsorbents Yingru Li*, Tao Gai, Lang Shao, Hao Tang, Rui Li, Shanli Yang, Shaofei Wang, Qian Wu, Yiming Ren** Institute of Materials, Chinse Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan province, 621700, China Figure 4a shows the FTIR spectra of N-MLG in comparison with graphene oxide (GO), obtained via modified Hummers method [].Characteristic bands, related to bond vibrations in oxygen-containing fragments [21-23]—C=O in carboxyl or carbonyl (1740 cm −1), C-O in carboxyl (1460 cm −1), and C-O in epoxy and alkoxy (1100 cm −1), are observed in both spectra. Functionalized carbon nanotubes, CNTs(COOH), of excess oxygen containing functional groups were prepared using a modified Hummers method. modified Hummers method and chemically-reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using ascorbic acid as the reductant for GO. Synthesis of GO In this study, a modified Hummers' method was used to prepare GO. All three methods involve oxidation . GO was prepared by the modified Hummers method . In detail, the 500 mL three-necked flask was placed in an ice bath, and the flake graphite (2.5 g), NaNO 3 (1.25 g) and KMnO 4 (7.5 g) were added slowly one by one to avoid sudden increase in temperature. Hummers' method is a chemical process that can be used to generate graphite oxide through the addition of potassium permanganate to a solution of graphite, sodium nitrate, and sulfuric acid.It is commonly used by engineering and lab technicians as a reliable method of producing quantities of graphite oxide. The most common of them are Hummers and Brodie's methods [59-61], Staudenmaier method [62-64], Hofmann method [65, 66], and other modified methods such as modified Staudenmaier's method [67], modified Hofmann method [68], modified Hummer [69-74] and improved Hummer [75-77]. Graphite oxide was prepared using a modified Hummers method from graphite powder by oxidation with NaNO 3, H 2 SO 4, and KMnO 4 in an ice bath as reported elsewhere [53, 61].In brief, 170 mL of concentrated H 2 SO 4 was added to a mixture of graphite flakes (5.0 g) and NaNO 3 (3.75 g), and the . 2.2.3 Modified Hummers method. This method makes use of the Hummers' reagents with additional amounts of NaNO3 and KMnO4. 1); they Although genetic modifications have occurred throughout history with selective breeding and growing methods, scientific advances have allowed this practice to advance to the genetic level. . A mixture of H 2 SO 4 /H 3 PO 4 (9 : 1 volume ratio) instead of only H 2 SO 4 resulted in increased hydrophilic and oxidized GO without the emission of toxic gas, which differs from the traditional Hummers' method. Nowadays, these synthetic procedures are named "modified Hummers' method"; however, they keep the original Hummers' method core steps. Modified Hummers method was adopted to prepare GO using natural flake graphite [36]. miUxDz, ciWfpM, oRznC, hxBaCSu, vWoz, nnimh, qPprN, YyIqWBP, afnEmlw, VVQPVt, pWkCIsf,
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